Difference between regression and classification model?

The difference between regression and classification models lies in the type of output they predict. Lang

Regression

• Goal: Predict a continuous numeric value

• Example Outputs: Price, temperature, age, salary

• Algorithms Used:

  • Linear Regression

  • Decision Tree Regression

  • Random Forest Regressor

  • XGBoost Regressor

Example Question:

What will be the house price given the size and location?

Classification

• Goal: Predict a category or class label

• Example Outputs: Yes/No, Spam/Not Spam, Disease/No Disease

• Algorithms Used:

  • Logistic Regression

  • Decision Trees

  • Random Forest Classifier

  • SVM

  • XGBoost Classifier

Example Question:

Will this email be classified as spam or not?

Summary Table

Feature	Regression	Classification
Output Type	Continuous value	Categorical label
Example Output	250.5, 75 kg, 98.7%	Yes/No, Red/Blue, Class A/B
Example Algorithm	Linear Regression, SVR	Logistic Regression, SVM

European Union Digital Services Act (EU DSA) 2022

The Digital Services Act (DSA) is a regulation adopted by the European Union in 2022. It aims to create a safer and more accountable online environment by addressing issues such as illegal content, transparent advertising, and disinformation. Here are some key points:

• Consumer Protection: The DSA sets clear rules to protect consumers and their fundamental rights online. This includes measures to prevent the spread of illegal content and disinformation.
• Platform Accountability: Online platforms, including social networks, marketplaces, and content-sharing platforms, are required to take more responsibility for the content they host. This includes removing illegal content and being transparent about their content moderation decisions.
• Innovation and Growth: The DSA aims to foster innovation and competitiveness by providing a single set of rules across the EU, making it easier for smaller platforms, SMEs, and start-ups to scale up.
• User Control: Users will have more control over the content they see and will find it easier to report illegal content. There are also stronger protections for children, such as prohibiting targeted advertising to minors.

Overall, the DSA seeks to balance the roles of users, platforms, and public authorities, ensuring a fair and open online platform environment.

References

1. The EU’s Digital Services Act - European Commission

2. Regulation - 2022/2065 - EN - DSA - EUR-Lex

Principles in Indian Metaphysics

Principles in Indian Metaphysics refer to the foundational philosophical concepts that explore the nature of reality, existence, consciousness, and the ultimate truth as understood in various Indian philosophical traditions. Rooted in ancient scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, and later schools such as Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, and Buddhism, Indian metaphysics delves into questions about the self (Ātman), the universe (Brahman), causality (Kāraṇa), and liberation (Mokṣa). These principles aim to transcend empirical understanding and provide a deeper, spiritual framework for interpreting existence and human experience. Various principles are outlined from Indian metaphysical perspectives:

1. Principle of Truth (Satya): Something "unchangeable, indestructible, eternal, and immutable." Only Brahman is ultimately satya. Three levels of truth (satta) are identified by Sankara: pratibhasika (illusory), vyavaharika (empirical), and paramarthika (absolute).
2. Principle of Knowledge (Jnana): Human knowledge is an undeniable fact, as "I know that I know."
3. Principle of Meaning (Sphota): Every linguistic unit is a "single meaningful, eternal, and formal symbol" from which meaning bursts forth.
4. Principle of Negation (Abhava): Thought starts with negation when life is obstructed.
5. Principle of Assertion or Affirmation (Pratipada): Every negation implies an affirmation on which it rests. Being is the "ever unnegated and unnegatable Being."
6. Principle of identity (tattvamsi): The identity of the individual self with Brahman.
7. Principle of distinction (bheda): Distinctions exist, including heterogeneous, homogeneous, and internal distinctions.
8. Principle of contradiction (virudha): Two contradictory statements about the same object under the same respect cannot both be true simultaneously.
9. Principle of exclusion (apoha): A word expresses meaning by excluding its opposites.
10. Principle of fullness (purnam): Fullness comes from fullness; subtracting fullness from fullness leaves fullness.
11. Principle of order (rta): The universe has an "ordered universe by rta," the "immanent law of things."
12. Principle of presumption (arthapatti): Assuming an unperceived fact to explain inconsistent facts.
13. Principle of momentariness (kshanika): Everything changes from moment to moment, and existence is a "constant flow."
14. Principle of indescribability (sunya): Something that is "indescribability (avachya or anabhlabya)" and transcends the categories of the intellect.
15. Principle of creative-power (maya): The "real power-principle by which the world is created," making the indeterminate Brahman determinate.
16. Principle of indeterminate and determinate (nirvikalpaka evam savikalpaka): Two kinds of perception: mere acquaintance (nirvikalpaka) and predicative knowledge (savikalpaka).
17. Principle of liberation (moksha): Beings are oriented towards liberation, which involves realising oneself to be Brahman, detached from things.