The Journey of Supreme Court of India | A Brief History and Timeline of the Establishment of the Supreme Court of India

Introduction

The establishment of the Supreme Court of India marks a significant milestone in the country's legal and judicial history. With a rich heritage and a journey spanning over centuries, the Supreme Court stands as the guardian of justice and the custodian of the Constitution. Let's delve into the fascinating history and timeline of its establishment.

1. Ancient Roots:

      - Explore the ancient roots of judicial systems in India, dating back to the Vedic period.

      - Discuss the role of ancient texts such as Nyay Visesika and Arthashastra in shaping early legal principles.

2. Colonial Era:

      - Trace the evolution of the Indian legal system during the colonial period under British rule.

      - Discuss the establishment of the Supreme Courts in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay by the Regulating Act of 1773.

3. Key Milestones and Landmarks:

      - Highlight key judgments and landmark cases that have shaped the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court.

      - Discuss the role of the Supreme Court in upholding the principles of justice, liberty, and equality.

4. Establishment of the Federal Court:

      - Highlight the significance of the Government of India Act, 1935, which provided for the establishment of the Federal Court of India.

      - Discuss the jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court in adjudicating constitutional matters.

5. Recent Developments and Challenges:

      - Explore recent developments in the functioning of the Supreme Court, including the adoption of technology and e-filing systems.

      - Discuss contemporary challenges facing the judiciary and the role of the Supreme Court in addressing them.

6. Birth of the Supreme Court of India:

      - Explore the historical context leading to the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.

      - Discuss the provisions related to the establishment of the Supreme Court under Part V of the Constitution.

7. Evolution and Expansion:

      - Trace the evolution of the Supreme Court over the decades, including the expansion of its jurisdiction and powers.

      - Discuss the establishment of High Courts and the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

75 years of Supreme Court

In year 2024 Supreme court of India has completed its 75 years of service to deliver the justice to the civilians and nation.

Conclusion

As we reflect on the journey of the Supreme Court of India, we are reminded of its pivotal role in upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of citizens. From its ancient roots to its modern-day evolution, the Supreme Court continues to be a beacon of justice and a symbol of hope for the nation.

Arakkal Kingdom of India

Introduction

India's rich history is a tapestry woven with the stories of various dynasties and kingdoms, each with its unique legacy. Among the lesser-known yet fascinating chapters in Indian history is the Arakkal Kingdom. Situated in the picturesque Malabar Coast of Kerala, the Arakkal Kingdom stands as a testament to the region's cultural diversity and historical significance.

The Origins of Arakkal Kingdom

The Arakkal dynasty traces its roots to the 16th century when it was founded by Ali Raja, the nephew of the last Kolathiri King of Malabar. The kingdom's establishment was a result of Ali Raja's remarkable naval skills and his alliance with the British East India Company. This collaboration allowed the Arakkal rulers to maintain a degree of autonomy over their coastal territories while acknowledging British suzerainty.

List of notable rulers of the Arakkal Kingdom

There are various Ali Raja or Queen rules the Kigndom, here we have listed some of the rulers from history. 

1. Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II (c. 1760–1782): Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II was one of the prominent rulers of the Arakkal Kingdom. His reign was marked by significant achievements in trade and diplomacy.

2. Ali Raja Abdu Raja (c. 1782–1798): Ali Raja Abdu Raja succeeded Kunhi Amsa II and continued the kingdom's maritime activities and trade relations with various colonial powers.

3. Ali Raja Raja Raja (c. 1798–1825): Ali Raja Raja Raja, also known as Ali Raja Beevi, was a notable queen who ruled the Arakkal Kingdom during a significant part of the 19th century.

4. Ali Raja Kerala Varma (c. 1861–1900): Ali Raja Kerala Varma played a crucial role in the kingdom's relations with the British colonial authorities. His reign witnessed various changes and challenges.

5. Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II (c. 1900–1911): Queen Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II succeeded Kerala Varma and was known for her progressive outlook and efforts to promote education.

6. Ali Raja Beevi (c. 1911–1921): Another prominent queen, Ali Raja Beevi, ruled during a period of significant political and social changes.

7. Ali Raja Pathumma Beevi (c. 1921–1931): Ali Raja Pathumma Beevi's reign marked the later years of the Arakkal Kingdom as it faced external pressures from colonial powers and the changing political landscape.

8. Ali Raja Raja Ali (c. 1931–1946): Ali Raja Raja Ali, the last ruler of the Arakkal Kingdom, witnessed the integration of the kingdom into the Indian state of Kerala after India's independence in 1947.

Unique Matriarchal Succession

One of the most distinctive features of the Arakkal dynasty is its system of matriarchal succession. In a time when most Indian kingdoms followed male primogeniture, the Arakkal rulers passed the throne to the eldest female member of the family. This progressive practice set the Arakkal dynasty apart and has fascinated historians and sociologists alike.

Arakkal Queens

Several remarkable queens ruled the Arakkal Kingdom during its existence. Among them, Queen Aysha Bai is particularly renowned for her leadership and diplomatic skills. Her reign marked a period of stability and prosperity for the kingdom. The Arakkal queens played pivotal roles in trade, diplomacy, and the administration of their coastal realm.

Naval Prowess and Trade

The Arakkal rulers were known for their formidable naval forces. They controlled a powerful fleet that patrolled the Arabian Sea and protected their coastal territories from threats. The kingdom's strategic location on the Malabar Coast facilitated trade relations with various European powers, including the British, Portuguese, and Dutch. Spices, timber, and other valuable commodities were traded through the Arakkal ports, contributing to the region's economic growth.

Cultural Diversity and Syncretism

The Arakkal Kingdom was a melting pot of cultures and religions. Its population included Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Jews, among others. This diversity led to a unique cultural syncretism, where traditions and festivals from different faiths coexisted harmoniously. The Arakkal rulers were known for their tolerance and support of various religious practices.

Decline and Integration

The decline of the Arakkal Kingdom began in the 19th century when it faced internal strife and external pressures from colonial powers. Eventually, in 1947, with India's independence, the kingdom was integrated into the newly formed Indian state of Kerala. The last ruler, Arakkal Mohammad Ali Raja, continued to be respected in the region for his efforts to promote education and social welfare.

Preserving the Legacy

Today, remnants of the Arakkal Kingdom's heritage can still be found in Kerala. The Arakkal Palace, located in Kannur, stands as a symbol of this once-great kingdom. It has been converted into a museum, showcasing artifacts, documents, and memorabilia from the Arakkal dynasty. The palace and museum provide a glimpse into the kingdom's history, its rulers, and the unique culture that thrived there.

Conclusion

The Arakkal Kingdom of India, with its matriarchal succession, naval prowess, and cultural diversity, remains a captivating chapter in the nation's history. It serves as a reminder of the intricate tapestry of India's past and the remarkable legacies left by its lesser-known dynasties. Exploring the Arakkal Kingdom offers a fascinating journey into a world where tradition and progress coexisted in harmony.

The Rise and Splendor of the Magadha Empire: Exploring its Origins, Rulers, and Territories

The Magadha Empire stands as a remarkable chapter in the annals of ancient Indian history. Nestled in the fertile Gangetic plains, this empire emerged as a powerhouse that shaped the political, cultural, and religious landscape of the region. Spanning several centuries, the Magadha Empire showcased a series of dynamic rulers, territorial expansions, and cultural contributions that left an indelible mark on India's historical tapestry.

The Genesis of Magadha

The roots of the Magadha Empire can be traced back to the 6th century BCE when it emerged as a small kingdom in the eastern part of present-day Bihar, India. With its strategic location along the banks of the Ganges River, Magadha attracted settlers and traders, laying the foundation for its eventual rise to prominence.

Early Rulers and Territorial Expansion

1. Bimbisara (543-491 BCE): Bimbisara is often considered one of the earliest rulers of the Magadha region. He expanded his territory through strategic alliances and military campaigns. His patronage of Buddhism also laid the groundwork for the region's spiritual and cultural growth.
   
   
2. Ajatashatru (491-461 BCE): The son of Bimbisara, Ajatashatru further expanded the kingdom's borders. His reign saw significant conflicts with neighboring states, including the formidable Vaishali Republic.
   
   
3. Mahapadma Nanda (c. 4th century BCE): Nanda, a contemporary of Alexander the Great, is believed to have unified the various territories of Magadha into a powerful empire. His rule marked the zenith of Magadha's territorial expansion.
   
   

The Mauryan Era and Chandragupta Maurya

The Magadha Empire reached its zenith under the Mauryan dynasty, which arose from the ambitious efforts of Chandragupta Maurya.

1. Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 BCE): Chandragupta Maurya established the Mauryan dynasty by overthrowing the Nanda rulers. His strategic brilliance enabled him to expand his empire across northern India, including the entire Gangetic plain. He is also renowned for his association with the scholar Chanakya, who played a pivotal role in shaping his policies.
   
   
2. Bindusara (298-273 BCE): Chandragupta's son Bindusara continued the empire's expansion southwards. He maintained friendly diplomatic ties with the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.
   
   
3. Ashoka the Great (273-232 BCE): One of the most iconic rulers in Indian history, Ashoka transformed the Magadha Empire into a formidable and enlightened realm. His conversion to Buddhism and efforts to propagate non-violence have left an enduring legacy. Under his rule, the empire extended its influence as far as modern-day Afghanistan and Bangladesh.
   
   

Dynasties in Magadha Empire and Magadha rulers

The Magadha Empire, spanning several centuries and dynasties, was home to a succession of rulers who played pivotal roles in shaping its history and influence. While a comprehensive list of all kings of the Magadha Empire may not be exhaustive due to the limited historical records, here are some of the prominent kings and dynasties that ruled over Magadha:

1. Haryanka Dynasty:
   - Bimbisara (c. 543–491 BCE)
   - Ajatashatru (c. 491–461 BCE)
   - Udayin (c. 461–445 BCE)
   
   
2. Shishunaga Dynasty:
   - Shishunaga (c. 412–395 BCE)
   
   
3. Nanda Dynasty:
   - Mahapadma Nanda (c. 4th century BCE)
   - Dhana Nanda (c. 4th century BCE)
   
   
4. Mauryan Dynasty:
   - Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322–298 BCE)
   - Bindusara (c. 298–273 BCE)
   - Ashoka the Great (c. 273–232 BCE)
   - Dasaratha Maurya (c. 232–224 BCE)
   - Samprati (c. 224–215 BCE)
   - Shalishuka (c. 215–202 BCE)
   - Devavarman (c. 202–195 BCE)
   - Satadhanvan (c. 195–187 BCE)
   - Brihadratha (c. 187 BCE onwards)
   
   
5. Shunga Dynasty:
   - Pushyamitra Shunga (c. 185–149 BCE)
   - Agnimitra (c. 149–141 BCE)
   
   
6. Kanvas:
   - Vasudeva (c. 75–66 BCE)
   
   
7. Andhras:
   - Simuka (c. 1st century BCE)
   - Pulumavi (c. 1st century CE)
   - Yajnasri Satakarni (c. 2nd century CE)
   - Gautamiputra Satakarni (c. 2nd century CE)
   - Vasisthiputra Pulumavi (c. 2nd century CE)
   
   
8. Gupta Dynasty:
   - Chandragupta I (c. 320–335 CE)
   - Samudragupta (c. 335–375 CE)
   - Chandragupta II (c. 375–415 CE)
   
   

There might be some accuracy issue with dates here, since there is no much history present for ancient time.

Legacy and Concluding Thoughts

The Magadha Empire, with its remarkable rulers and expansive territories, left an indelible mark on India's history and culture. Its rise, characterized by strategic alliances, military conquests, and cultural exchange, paved the way for the subsequent dynasties that followed. The Mauryan era, in particular, showcased the zenith of Magadha's influence and territorial expanse, with Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka emerging as iconic figures whose legacies continue to inspire generations. The rise and fall of the Magadha Empire exemplify the ebb and flow of power, the dynamics of conquest, and the enduring impact of cultural and philosophical contributions. As we delve into the annals of history, the Magadha Empire stands as a testament to the resilience, vision, and achievements of an ancient civilization that continues to shape the contours of modern India.

Please note that historical records from ancient times can be fragmented, and the accuracy of specific dates and reigns may vary. The list above highlights some of the significant rulers of the Magadha Empire and subsequent dynasties that held sway over the region.

French Revolution - A Turning Point in History

The French Revolution stands as one of the most influential and tumultuous events in history, leaving an indelible mark on the world's political, social, and cultural landscape. Spanning from 1789 to 1799, this epochal movement forever changed the course of French society and inspired revolutionary fervor across the globe. In this blog, we delve into the causes, key events, and far-reaching impact of the French Revolution.

1. The Seeds of Discontent:

The roots of the French Revolution can be traced back to a combination of political, economic, and social factors. A deeply entrenched feudal system, severe financial crises, soaring food prices, and widespread poverty fueled public discontent, while an absolute monarchy and absolute power of the nobility further exacerbated the grievances of the common people.

2. The Storming of the Bastille:

The spark that ignited the revolution occurred on July 14, 1789, with the storming of the Bastille, a symbol of royal oppression. This pivotal event symbolized the overthrow of tyranny and the people's determination to claim their rights and liberty.

3. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen:

In August 1789, the National Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This landmark document asserted the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, laying the groundwork for a more just and egalitarian society.

4. The Reign of Terror:

As the revolution progressed, radical factions gained control, and the Reign of Terror ensued from 1793 to 1794. Led by the Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, this dark phase witnessed mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.

5. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:

Amidst the chaos, Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant military strategist, emerged as a prominent figure. He eventually seized power and established himself as the First Consul of France, effectively ending the revolution. Napoleon's rule would leave a lasting impact on European history.

6. Impact on France and Beyond:

The French Revolution's impact transcended national boundaries, influencing political ideologies and inspiring revolutionary movements worldwide. The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity reverberated beyond France, sparking calls for independence and democratic reforms in various nations.

7. The Legacy of the French Revolution:

The French Revolution's legacy endures through the foundational principles it championed. Its ideals of human rights, democracy, and the abolition of feudal privileges paved the way for modern constitutional systems and the recognition of individual freedoms.

8. Lessons for Today:

The French Revolution serves as a poignant reminder of the power of the people to challenge oppressive systems and demand change. It also underscores the importance of balance and restraint in times of upheaval, as excessive radicalism can lead to unintended consequences.

The French Revolution stands as an extraordinary chapter in human history, symbolizing the triumph of the human spirit over oppression and the pursuit of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Its far-reaching impact continues to shape the world's political landscape and inspire generations to stand up for their rights and the betterment of society. As we reflect on this monumental event, let us draw lessons from the past to build a more just and equitable world for the future.

Days that we celebrate in the world

Contents

• January
• February
• March
• April
• May
• June
• July
• August
• September
• October
• November
• December
• Not fixed date

January:

1	New Year’s Day
4	Myanmar Independence Day
12	National Youth Day
15	Army Day
26	India's Republic Day and International Customs day
30	Martyrs' Day
31	Street Children’s Day

February:

4	World Cancer Day
4	Sri Lanka Independence Day
6	International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation
12	Darwin Day
13	Hug Day
14	Valentine's Day
15	Breakup Day
21	International Mother Language Day
22	Thinking Day
24	Central Excise Day
28	National Science Day

March:

1	Saint David's Day
2	Texas Independence Day
8	International Women's Day
14	Pi Day
15	World Consumer Rights Day
15	World Disabled Day
17	Saint Patrick's Day
20	World Sparrow Day
21	World Down Syndrome Day
21	World Poetry Day
21	World Forestry Day.
21	International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
22	World Water Day
23	Youm-e-Pakistan (Pakistan Day)
23	World Meteorological Day.
24	World Tuberculosis Day
25	Greece Independence Day
26	Purple Day
26	Bangladesh Independence Day

April:

1	April Fools' Day
2	World Autism Awareness Day
5	National Maritime Day.
7	National Beer Day
7	World Health Day.
8	International Romani Day
15	Day of Silence
15	Day of Dialogue
16	Foursquare Day
17	World Hemophilia Day
18	World Heritage Day.
22	Earth Day.
23	St George's Day
23	World Book Day
25	ANZAC Day
25	Italy's Liberation Day
25	World Malaria Day
26	World Intellectual Property Day
30	International Jazz Day

May:

1	May Day
1	Workers Day (International Labor Day).
3	World Press Freedom Day
4	Remembrance of the Dead
4	Star Wars Day
4	Greenery Day
5	International Midwives' Day
6	International No Diet Day
7-8	Victory in Europe Day
8	World Red Cross Day.
11	Military Spouse Appreciation Day
11	National Technology Day.
12	International Nurses Day
14	Israel Independence Day
15	International Day of the Family.
17	International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia
17	World Telecommunication Day, World Information Society Day
22	International Day for Biological Diversity
24	Commonwealth Day.
25	International Missing Children's Day
25	Africa Day
25	Towel Day
31	Anti-Tobacco Day

June:

1	National Cancer Survivors Day
4	International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression.
5	World Environment Day.
6	D-Day
8	World Oceans Day
14	World Blood Donor Day
18	Autistic Pride Day
20	World Refugee Day
21	World Hydrography Day
21	World Music Day
26	International day against Drug abuse & Illicit Trafficking
27	World Diabetes Day.

July:

1	Doctor's Day
4	America Independence Day (United States)
6	World Zoonoses Day
11	World Population Day
26	Maldives Independence Day
29	International Tiger Day

August:

3	International Friendship day
4	Friendship Day
6	Hiroshima Day
8	World senior citizen's day
9	Quit India Day and Nagasaki Day
12	International Youth Day
13	International Lefthanders Day
14	Youm-e-Azadi (Pakistan Independence Day)
14-15	Victory over Japan Day
15	India Independence Day
15	Korea Independence Day
16	Bennington Battle Day
17	Indonesia Independence Day.
19	Afghanistan Independence Day
19	Photography day
20	World Mosquito Day
20	Indian Akshay Urja Day
23	European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
29	National Sports Day
31	Malaysia Independence Day

September:

5	Teachers' Day(Radha Krishnan Birthday)
8	World Literacy Day
9	North Korea Independence Day
15	Engineer's Day
16	World Ozone Day.
19	International Talk Like a Pirate Day
21	Alzheimer's Day.
21	Day for Peace and Non-violence (UN)
26	European Day of Languages
26	World Contraception Day
26	Day of the Deaf.
27	World Tourism Day

October:

1	World Vegetarian Day
1	International day of the Elderly
3	German Unity Day
3	World Habitat Day
4	World Animal Welfare Day
6	German-American Day
8	National Hug Day
8	Indian Air Force Day
9	World Post Office day
10	World Mental Health Day
10	National Post Day
13	UN International Day for National disaster reduction.
14	World Standards Day.
15	Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day
15	World White Cane Day( guiding the Blind).
16	World Food Day.
23	Mole Day
24	UN Day, World development information Day.
30	World Thrift Day.

November:

1	World Vegan Day
1	All Saints' Day
2	All Souls' Day
5	Bonfire Night (also Guy Fawkes Night)
11	Armistice Day (also Remembrance Day)
11	Veterans Day
14	Children's Day ( in India )
16	National Press Day
19	International Men's Day
19	World Toilet Day
20	Transgender Day of Remembrance
20	Africa Industrialization Day.
29	International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People.
30	Cities for Life Day

December:

1	World Aids Day.
4	Indian Navy Day.
4	Finland Independence Day.
5	International Volunteer Day
7	Armed Forces Flag Day.
10	Human Right Day.
23	Kisan Divas Farmer's Day).
25	Christmas Day
25	Quaid-e-Azam(Mohammad Ali Jinnah) Day

A part from these days we have few more days are are keep moving and there is no any date fix for those days. Below are those days.

depends on the date of Easter (as early as February 4 or as late as March 10)	Ash Wednesday
1st day of the 1st month of the Chinese calendar	Chinese New Year
Sunday March 22 to April 25 inclusive	Easter – Western Christianity
April 4 and May 8 (1900 to 2100)	Easter – Eastern Christianity
Start from the month of Moharram(First month in Islamic Calender)	Islamic  New Year
After completion of Ramadan.	Eid Ul Fitr
10th day of Dhu al Hijjah	Eid Al Adha
15th day of the 1st month in the lunar year in the Chinese calendar	Lantern Festival
14th of the Hebrew month of Adar	Purim
the day before Ash Wednesday	Shrove Tuesday
3rd Monday of January	Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
third Monday of February	Washington's Birthday
Second Sunday of May in many nations	Mother's Day
Third Sunday of June in the U.S., United Kingdom and others	Father's Day
first, second or third Saturday in June	Queen's Official Birthday
First Monday of the month of September	Labor Day (US)
Third Thursday of November	Thanksgiving (United States)
1st Tuesday in November	Melbourne Cup Day
third Thursday in November, November 15	World Philosophy Day