Aristotle - Unraveling the Genius Behind Western Thought

Aristotle (384-322), the ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, a Greek colony in Thrace. His father, Nicomachus, was the personal physician to King Amyntas III of Macedon. At the age of seventeen, Aristotle moved to Athens to study at Plato's Academy, where he became a student of Plato for nearly twenty years.

After Plato's death in 347 BCE, Aristotle left Athens and traveled extensively, conducting scientific research and studying natural phenomena. In 343 BCE, he was invited by King Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son, Alexander the Great. Aristotle taught Alexander for several years before returning to Athens in 335 BCE, where he established his own school, the Lyceum, and began teaching and writing extensively.

Aristotle's influence extended across a wide range of disciplines, including philosophy, ethics, politics, metaphysics, biology, physics, astronomy, and logic. His contributions to these fields have had a profound and enduring impact on Western thought and scholarship.

Major Works of Aristotle

1. Nicomachean Ethics: One of Aristotle's most famous works, the "Nicomachean Ethics," explores the nature of happiness, virtue, and moral character. In this work, Aristotle discusses the concept of eudaimonia (human flourishing) and the role of virtue in achieving a good life.

2. Politics: In Politics, Aristotle examines the nature of the state and the principles of governance. He discusses various forms of government, including democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy, and evaluates their strengths and weaknesses.

3. Metaphysics: Aristotle's "Metaphysics" explores the fundamental principles and concepts that underlie reality. He discusses topics such as substance, causality, potentiality and actuality, and the nature of being.

4. Physics: In his work "Physics," Aristotle investigates the natural world and the principles of motion, change, and causality. He develops his theories on the four causes (material, formal, efficient, and final) and lays the groundwork for his scientific method.

5. De Anima (On the Soul): Aristotle's "De Anima" examines the nature of the soul and its relationship to the body. He discusses various aspects of the soul, including perception, thought, and emotion, and explores the concept of the intellect.

6. Poetics: In "Poetics," Aristotle analyzes the nature of poetry and drama, including the structure of tragedy and the role of plot, character, and spectacle in literary works.

7. Organon (The Logical Works): Aristotle's "Organon" is a collection of works on logic, including "Categories," "Prior Analytics," "Posterior Analytics," "Topics," and "On Interpretation." These works form the basis of Aristotelian logic and are foundational texts in the history of philosophy.

Aristotle's works have had a profound and lasting impact on Western thought, influencing thinkers across centuries and disciplines. His systematic approach to philosophy and his emphasis on empirical observation and logical analysis laid the groundwork for much of modern science and philosophy. Aristotle's legacy continues to be studied and revered by scholars and philosophers around the world.

I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, religion, philosophy, as a cause for withdrawing from a friend

I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, religion, philosophy, as a cause for withdrawing from a friend. - Thomas Jefferson

I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, religion, philosophy, as a cause for withdrawing from a friend. - Thomas Jefferson

 

Israel banned 20 international organizations

This is outrageous! 20 organizations from worldwide, has just been banned from entering Israel. Israel banned us for our support of the nonviolent boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement and because we oppose their human rights violations - human rights violations that are committed with US weapons and US military assistance.

The organizations that have been banned: 

1. France-Palestine Solidarity Association
2. BDS France
3. BDS Italy
4. The European Coordination of Committees and Associations for Palestine
5. Friends of Al-Aqsa
6. Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign
7. The Palestine Committee of Norway
8. Palestine Solidarity Association of Sweden
9. Palestine Solidarity Campaign
10. War on Want
11. BDS Kampagne
12. American Friends Service Committee (a Quaker organization)
13. American Muslims for Palestine
14. Code Pink
15. Jewish Voice for Peace
16. National Students for Justice in Palestine
17. US Campaign for Palestinian Rights
18. BDS Chile
19. BDS South Africa
20. BDS National Committee

US tax dollars bankroll the Israeli occupation of Palestine to the tune of $3.8 billion a year and US weapons companies take advantage of Israel’s occupation. While CODEPINK is no longer permitted to travel into the country, Lockheed Martin maintains a subsidiary office and booming industry profiting off of attacks on the Palestinian people. There is a way we can all continue to challenge the militarized occupation of Palestine and to oppose corporate complicity in Palestinian human rights violations.

In the tradition of the nonviolent BDS movement, we can all get to work urging our cities, universities, pension funds, faith communities, and more to divest from US weapons companies for their profiteering from supplying the tools of warfare to brutal regimes like Israel, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

Take the pledge to Divest from the War Machine and join us as we host a Week of Action to #divestfromwar from February 5th to 11th! Be one of the groups around the country holding fun and creative actions to highlight how deeply embedded the war machine is in every aspect of our society. 

Being a part of this new Israeli blacklist only enhances our dedication to work for justice, equality, and freedom for all people. It speaks to the legitimacy and power of divestment as an effective nonviolent tool for social change and strengthens our resolve to help build the movement.

Join us to stop weapons companies and their investors from making a killing on killing. Pledge now to #divestfromwar and learn how to get to work in your own community for the Week of Action in February! Pulling money from these merchants of death will help the Palestinian cause and everyone around the world who is suffering from war. Let’s work together to shine a light on those who profit from war and repression!

In peace and solidarity!

CODEPINK

References: 

[1]. Thedawn - Israel Bans Entry to 20 International Organizations That Promote the Boycott of Israel

[2]. Breuerpress - Israel lists international pro-BDS organizations to be banned from country

[3]. USCPR - BDS organizations barred israel say blacklist increasing membership

Who was the first to recognize United states of America?

Reorganization of the United States by the Kingdom of Morocco.

On 20th December 1777, Kingdom of Morocco under the rule of Mohammed ben Abdallah (King Mohammed III) was the first nation that officially recognize the independence of the United States. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Reorganization of United States by the State of Mysore.

Tipu Sultan, the Sultan of Mysore was supporting people of America against Britishers during the American war of Independence. Tipu Sultan was also the first ruler from India who was against British colonialism in the name of their trade.[6] 

Reorganization of the United States by the State of France.

On February 6, 1778, France recognize United States as an independent state. Statue of Liberty is a gift of Independence from France to America. [6] [7]

References:

1. Relation of Morocco with United States of America
2. https://books.google.co.in/books
3. Why Morocco matters to the USA?
4. Morocco is the first country to recognize the USA

5. US relations with Morocco | state.gov

6. Why-was-Morocco-the-first-nation-to-recognize-Americas-independence

7. Tipu Sultan recognize America
8. https://history.state.gov/about/faq/first-to-recognize-US
9. France in the American Revolutionary War

Aadhaar Act 2016 | Aadhar act section 7

Subject:

 Notification for the use of the Aadhar under the section 7 of the Aadhaar (targeted delivery of the financial and the other subsidies, benefits and the services) Act, 2016 for targeted delivery of financial and other subsidies, benefit and services funded from there from the consolidated fund of India.

1. The use of Aadhaar is identifier to delivery of the services, benefits and subsidies simplify the Government delivery progresses, bring in good governance, transparency and efficiency, and enables beneficiaries to get their entitlements directly to them in a convenient and the hassle free manner. Aadhar obviated the need for producing the multiple documents to provide the identity, etc.

2. The provision of the Other night has come into effect from 12th of September 2016 and notifications to this effect has been published into the official Gazette. To give effect to the provision of the act, UIDAI has approved the regulation under the Aadhaar act which too have been notified in the official gazette. The copy of the act, rule and regulations made there under are available at the UIDAI website.

3. Section 7 of the act provides:

 The Central Government or, as the case may be, the State Government may, for the purpose of establishing identity of an individual as a condition for receipt of a subsidy, benefit or service for which the expenditure is incurred from, or the receipt therefrom forms part of, the Consolidated Fund of India, require that such individual undergo authentication, or furnish proof of possession of Aadhaar number or in the case of an individual to whom no Aadhaar number has been assigned, such individual makes an application for enrolment: Provided that if an Aadhaar number is not assigned to an individual, the individual shall be offered alternate and viable means of identification for delivery of the subsidy, benefit or service.

4. Further, regulation 12 of the Aadhaar enrollment in the update regulations 2016 provides

Any central or state department or agency which requires an individuals to undergo the authentication or furnish proof of possession of the Aadhaar number as a conditions for receipt of any subsidy, benefit or services pursuant to section 7 of the Aadhaar Act, shall ensure enrollment of its beneficiaries who are yet to be enrolled, through the appropriate measure including coordination with registrars and setting up enrollment centers at convenient location for providing enrollment facilities by becoming a  registrar itself.

5. Therefore Central Ministries and state governments which plan to use the Aadhaar for the delivery of the services, benefits and the subsidies funded from the consolidated fund of India are required to issue a notification under the section 7 of the act. Section 7 of the act read with regulations 12 of the Aadhaar enrollment and update regulations 2016 is required at the notifications must include all of the following three points:

5.1 The notification cell mention the service, benefits or subsidies funded from the consolidated fund of India, which will require as a conditions precedent a beneficiary applications to undergo the Aadhaar authentication or furnish proof of position of Aadhaar number.

5.2 This notifications shall mention that in case of the applicant does not have the Aadhaar number, he will be required to make an applications for the Aadhar enrollment, if he is entitled to obtain one under the section 3 of the act and the arrangement made by the concerned central ministers or state governments as the case may be to provide the Aadhar enrollment facilities to him. Regulation 12 of the said regulations cast the responsibility of the ministers and their state governments or agencies under their control to facilitate and provider enrollment facilities at convenient location. In case there are no existing enrollment facility nearby, they are required to become UIDAI Registrar so that they can set up enrollment facilities themselves.

UIDAI has already empowered the several Central ministries and state departments or agencies under their jurisdictions to become its registrar and the undertake enrollment of their beneficiaries who are not enrolled for the Aadhaar. UIDAI I will continue to provide all technical as well as financial assistance for Aadhaar generation @ rupees 40 per Aadhaar and @ rupees 27 per Aadhaar generated for the children of the age less than 5 years through tablets computers. In case any ministry, state government department or agency under its control want to become the registrar, is may do so immediately by applying under the regulation 21 of the said the regulations and contact the regional offices of the UIDAI for this purpose.

5.3 The notifications and list the alternate identity documents and the verification methodologies to confirm the Identity of the beneficiary applicant to whom Aadhaar number has not been assigned for delivery of benefits, subsidies, or services, till such time Aadhaar number is assigned.

References:

[1] https://uidai.gov.in/images/circular_section_7_of_aadhaar_act_15092016.pdf

[2] https://uidai.gov.in/images/the_aadhaar_act_2016.pdf

politics policy and plan

If you didn't understand the plan of your opposition, that means it is politics.

Or if you understood the plan of your opposition, that means it is a policy.

- @Rashid Jorvee

#politics #plan #policy #Jorvee

Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947

At midnight of 15th August 1947, Leader of Indian national congress (INC) and first prime minster of India addressed our nation with this strong, beautiful and mature speech.

“Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. ”

—Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947