Mindfulness (smriti) in Indian philosophy

Mindfulness, known as "smriti" in Indian philosophy, has deep roots in various ancient traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It encompasses a multifaceted approach to cultivating awareness, presence, and focus. Here are some key aspects of mindfulness in Indian philosophy:

1. Samprajnata and Asamprajnata: Indian philosophy recognizes two levels of mindfulness. Samprajnata, also known as "savikalpa samadhi," refers to a state of mindfulness with conceptual awareness. Asamprajnata, or "nirvikalpa samadhi," is a higher level of mindfulness devoid of conceptualization, where the mind transcends all thoughts and experiences pure awareness.

2. Satipatthana: In Buddhism, the practice of mindfulness is embodied in the Satipatthana Sutta, which outlines four foundations of mindfulness: mindfulness of the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects. This comprehensive framework encourages practitioners to observe and investigate their experiences without judgment or attachment.

3. Vipassana: Vipassana is a form of meditation that aims to develop insight and wisdom through mindfulness. By observing bodily sensations, thoughts, and emotions, individuals gain deep insights into the impermanent, unsatisfactory, and selfless nature of existence. Vipassana meditation is widely practiced in Buddhism and has gained popularity globally.

4. Anapanasati: Anapanasati is a mindfulness practice focused on the breath. It involves observing the inhalation and exhalation, anchoring the attention to the breath, and cultivating present-moment awareness. This technique is commonly practiced in both Hindu and Buddhist traditions to develop concentration and mindfulness.

5. Sati: Sati, often translated as mindfulness, is a central concept in Hindu philosophy, particularly in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. It refers to the state of focused attention and awareness, enabling individuals to disengage from distractions and connect with the present moment. Sati is seen as a powerful tool for self-transformation and liberation.

6. Smriti: Smriti, meaning memory or recollection, is another aspect of mindfulness in Indian philosophy. It involves the intentional remembrance of spiritual teachings, values, and experiences, fostering a continuous awareness of one's moral and ethical commitments. Smriti serves as a guide for virtuous living and spiritual growth.

7. Karma Yoga: In the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture, mindfulness is integrated into the practice of Karma Yoga, the path of selfless action. By performing duties without attachment to the results, individuals cultivate mindfulness in every action, recognizing their interconnectedness with the world and the divine.

These aspects of mindfulness in Indian philosophy emphasize the cultivation of present-moment awareness, self-inquiry, non-judgmental observation, and the development of wisdom. By incorporating mindfulness into their lives, practitioners seek to transcend suffering, gain insight into the nature of reality, and attain spiritual liberation.