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Fact and Fiction of Universe - II

Fact and Fiction of Universe - II


Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers, who worship God directly without help from priests or any organized body of churchgoers. They also have a long tradition of working for peace and opposing war.

Chandragupta, who founded the Mauryan dynasty in the 4th century BCE, has been called the "Julius Caesar of India." Under his rule, almost all of northern India was united.

Iran means “land of the Aryans.” The Aryans settled in India as well, about 1700 BCE.
British mathematician Alan Turing wrote a paper on computing in 1937. After World War II he helped develop what was called an Automatic Digital Machine, a forerunner of the modern computer.
The world's first Web site, info.cern.ch, was established in Switzerland in May 1990. It is still operational today, called "the Web site of the world's first web server."

Lolla Rossa is a type of heirloom lettuce with frilly leaves that have a reddish tint. It originated in California.
World Environmental Day realise everyone about the responsibility to care for the Earth.
The Christian holiday of Epiphany is celebrated on January 6, the last of the twelve days of Christmas.
Mardi Gras, also called Carnival, precedes the 40-day-long period of Lent, which is marked by fasting and prayer. In French, Mardi Gras means "fat Tuesday."

Raindrops, on average, are just 0.04 inch or 0.08 inch (1 or 2 millimeters) in diameter. However, when water surrounds large particles such as dust, they can attain much larger sizes before falling apart.

Ghazal Jagjit Singh and Chitra Singh


Memorable Ghazals of Jagjit and Chitra


1.  baat nikalegee to phir duur talak jaayegee
     log bewajaH udaasee kaa sabab poochhenge
     ye bhee poochhenge ke tum itnee pareshaaN kyooN ho
     oongliyaaN uTheNgee sookhe huye baaloN kee taraf
     ek nazar dekheNge guzre huye saaloN kee taraf
     chooDiyoN par bhee kaI taNz kiye jaayeNge
     kaaNpate haathoN pe bhee fikRe kase jaayeNge

     log zaalim haiN har ek baat kaa taanaa deNge
     baatoN baatoN meiN meraa zikR bhee le aayenge
     unakee baatoN kaa zaraa saa bhee asar mat lenaa
     waRnaa chehre ke taasur se samaJh jaayeNge
     chaahe kuchh bhI ho sawaalaat naa karnaa unse
     mere baare meiN koI baat na karnaa unse
     baat nikalegii to phir door talak jaayegee

  



2.   sarakti jaaye haiN rukh se naqaab aahistaa-aahista
     nikalta aa raha hai aaftaab aahistaa-aahista

     jawaN hone lage jab wo to humse kar liya parda
     hayaa yakalaKht aaee aur shabaaB aahistaa-aahista
    
     sab-e-furkat ka jaaga hoon paristhoN ab to sone do
     kabhi fursat meiN kar lena hisaab aahistaa-aahista
  
     hamaare aur tumhaare pyaar meiN bas farq hai itna
     idhar to jaldi jaldi hai udhar aahistaa-aahista

     baDi bedardi se sar kaate 'ameer' aur maiN kahooN unse
     huzur aahistaa aahistaa janaab aahistaa-aahista 
  



3.  Gham badhe aate haiN qaaTil kee nigahoN ki tarah
     tum chupa lo muJhe ae dosth gunahoN ki tarah

     apni nazroN meiN gunehgaar na hote kyoon kar
     dil hi dushman hai mukhalif ke gawahoN ki tarah

     har taraf zeest ki raahoN mein kaDi dhoop hai dosth
     bas teri yaad ke saaye haiN panahoN ki tarah
   
     jinki khaatir kabhi ilzaam uThaye 'faakir'
     wo bhi pesh aaye hain insaaf ke shaaHoN ki tarah




4.  pareshaaN raat saari haiN sitaroN tum to so jaaO
     sukut-e-marG taari hai sitroN tum to so jaaO

     tumHe kya aaj bhi koi agar milne nahiN aaya
     ye baazi humne haari hai sitaroN tum to so jaaO

     kahe jaate ho ro-roke hamara haal duniya se
     ye kaisi raazdaari hai sitaroN tum to so jaaO
    



5.   dost ban-banke mile muJhko mitaane waale
     maine dekhe haiN kaI rang badalane waale

     tumne chup rehkar sitam aur bhee Dhaayaa mujhpar
     tumse achchhe haiN mere haal pe haNsne waale

     maiN to ikhalAq ke hathoN hi bikA kartaa hooN
     aur hoNge tere baazAr meiN bikne waale

     akhree daur pe salaam-e-dil-e-mustar le lo
     phir naa lauTenge shab-e-hiJr pe ronewaale





6.   dil ko gham-e-hayaat gaNwaara hai in diNo
     pehle jo dard tha wahi chaara hai in diNo

     ye dil zara sa dil teri yaadoN mein kho gaya
     zaRRe ko aandhiYon ka sahara hai in diNo

     tum aa sako to shab ko baDha dooN kuch aur bhi
     apne kahe meiN subhO ka taara hai in diNo




7.   apne haathoN kee lakiroN meiN basa le muJhko
     main hooN tera to naseeb apna bana le muJhko

     muJhse too poochne aaya hai wafa ke maani
     ye teri sadaa-dili maar na Daale muJhko
  
     khud ko maiN baaNt na daalooN kahin daaman-daaman
     kar diya tune agar mere hawaale muJhko

     bada fir bada hai maiN zehar bhi pee jaaooN 'qatil'
     shart ye hai koi baahoN meiN sambhale muJhko




8.   angDai par angDai leti hai raat judaee kee
     tum kya samJho tum kya jaaNo baat meri tanhaayee kee

     kaun siyahi ghol raha tha waqt ke behte dariya meiN
     maiNe aaNkh jhuki dekhi hai aaj kisi harjee kee

     wasl ki raat na jaane kyoon israar tha unko jaane par
     waqt se pehle dhooB gaye taaroN ne baDi daanaee kee
  
     uDte uDte aas ka paNchi door ufaq mein dooB gaya
     rote rote baith gayee awaaz kisi saudaaee kee




9.   sadma hai muJhe bhi ke tuJhse juda hooN maiN
     lekin ye soNchtaa hooN ke ab tera kyaa hooN maiN

     biKhraa paDa hai tere hi ghar meiN tera wajood
     bekaar meHfiloN meiN tuJhe dhoonDtaa hooN maiN

     naa jaane kis adaa se liya toone mera naam
     duniya samaJh rahee hai ke sab kuCh tera hooN maiN

     le mere tajurboN se sabaK ae mere raqeeB
     do chaar saal umR meiN tuJhse baDa hooN maiN





10.  humko dushman kee nigahoN se na dekha keeJe
     pyaar hi pyaar haiN hum humpe bharOsa keeJe

     chand yaadoN ke siwa haath na kuch aayega
     is tarah uMr-e-gureza ka na peecha keeJe

     roshni auroN ke aaNgaN meiN gawara na sahee
     kam se kam apne ghar meiN to uJaala keeJe

     kya khabr kab wo chale aayenge milne ke liye
     roz palkoN pe nayee shamme jalaya keeJe




11.  pareshaaN raat saari haiN sitaroN tum to so jaaO
     sukut-e-marG taari hai sitroN tum to so jaaO

     hume to aaj ki shab pau faTe tak jaagna hoga
     yahi kismat hamari hai sitroN tum to so jaaO

     hume bhee neeNd aa jaayegi hum bhi so hi jaayenge
     abhi kuch beqaraari hai sitaroN tum to so jaaO

     tumHe kya aaj bhi koi agar milne nahiN aaya
     ye baazi humne haari hai sitaroN tum to so jaaO

     kahe jaate ho ro-roke hamara haal duniya se
     ye kaisi raazdaari hai sitaroN tum to so jaaO





12.  aaNkh se aaNkh milaa, baat banaata kyooN hai
     tu agar muJhse khafa hai to chupaata kyooN hai

     gair lagta hai hai na apnO ki taraH miltaa hai
     tu zamaane kee taraH muJhko sataata kyooN hai

     waqt ke saath haalaat badal jaate haiN
     ye haqeeqat hai magar muJhko sunaata kyooN hai

     ek muddat se jahaN kaafile gujre hi nahiN
     aisi raahoN pe charaagoN ko jalaata kyooN hai





13.  socha nahiN achcha bura dekha suna kuch bhi nahiN
     maanga khuda se raat din tere siwa kuch bhi nahiN

     dekha tuJhe socha tuJhe chaaha tuJhe pooja tuJhe
     meri khata meri wafa teri khata kuch bhi nahiN

     jispar hamari aaNkh ne moti bichchaaye raat bhar
     bheja wohi kaagaz tuJhe humne likha kuch bhi nahiN

     ek shaam ki dahleez par baithe rahe wo der taq
     aankhoN se kee baateN bahot humne kaha kuch bhi nahiN





14.  paseene paseene huye jaa rahe ho
     ye bolo kahaN se chale aa rahe ho

     hameN sabR karne ko keh to rahe ho
     magar dekh lo khud hi ghabraa rahe ho

     ye kiskee buri tumko nazar lag gayee hai
     baharoN ke mausam meiN murJha rahe ho

     ye aaina hai ye to sach hi kahega
     kyoN apni haqeeqat se katraa rahe ho




15.  bahut diNoN ki baat hai
     fizaa ko yaad bhi nahiN
     ye baat aaj kee nahiN
     bahut dinoN kee baat hai

     shabaab par bahaar thee
     fizaa bhi khush-gawaar thee
     naa jaane kyoon machal pada
     maiN apne ghar se chal pada
     kisi ne muJhko rok'kar
     badi adaa se Tok'kar
     kaha tha lauT aae'iye
     meri kasam naa jaai'eye

     par muJhe khaBar na thee
     maahOl par nazar na thee
     naa jaane kyoon machal pada
     maiN apne ghar se chal pada
     maiN shehaR se phir aa gaya
     khayal thaa ke paa gaya
     us'e jo muJhse door thee
     magar meri zaroor thee

     aur ik hasiN shaaM ko
     maiN chal paDa salaam ko
     gali ka rang dekh'kar
     nayee tarang dekh'kar
     muJhe badi khushi huyee
     maiN kuch isi khushee meiN tha
     kisi ne Jhaank'kar kaha
     paraaye ghar se jaai'iye
     meri kasma na aai'iye

     wahi haseeN shaam hai
     bahaar jiska naam hai
     chala hooN ghar ko choDkar
     na jaane jaaoonga kidhar
     koi nahiN jo Tok'kar
     koi nahiN jo Rok'kar
     kahe ke laut aai'iye
     meri kasam na jaai'iye
       
     meri kasam naa jaai'iye ......




      Lyrics : kafeel Aazer         (1)
                 Ameer Meenai       (2)
                 Sudarshan Faaqir   (3)
                 Qateel Shifai         (4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11)
                 Saeed Rahi           (5, 12 and 14)
                 Rais Akhtar          (10)
                 Bashir Badr          (13)
                 Salam Machhli Shehri (15)
      Music  : Jagjit Singh
      Voices : Jagjit Singh and Chitra Singh

Tughlaqabad Fort

Tughlaqabad: Though it is widely believed that the fort city named Tughlaqabad was constructed in six years between 1321 and 1327, anyone who visited the 7 sq.km wide magnificent ruins.

The fort stretches across nearly 7km on Qutab-Badarpur road. Initially built by Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq, the father of the dynasty, the structure was primarily conceived to serve both as a defense mechanism and an imposing capital synchronously. Octagonal in shape and divided into three sections, the fort’s ramparts are almost 15 meters in height. Records say that the citadel had 52 gates in the past though only 13 are seen now.

The city of Thughlakabad spread in an area of about 300 acres (121.40 hectares) and enclosed within a fortification wall is interspersed with bastions at regular intervals and gateways. The gate way complexes are quite elaborate since group of four, six or eight circular chambers about 8m (26.24 ft) in diameter and about 10 m (32.81 ft) in depth were provided to store grains for emergency. These grain silos are specific to Tughlakabad fort. The city had well-laid grid plan of roads which connected the gateways from one end to another. The housing blocks were planned along the roads. Entry to the citadel was through the city. The city was also connected with Adilabad fort, which was later made by Muhammad Bin Tughlak, son of Giyasuddin.


Cairo City, Egypt

CAIRO

Cairo is a vibrant, exhilarating, exotic, fascinating and welcoming city. Home to the best Pharaonic, Coptic and Islamic sights in Egypt, this city is where you never know what incredible, half-forgotten monument you might stumble across while wandering around. Enjoy the Nile view from your hotel room balcony, visit the capital's medieval markets by Khan El-Khalili, or walk down the Nile promenade. There are also plenty of cinemas, theatres and modern malls. Go for an opera or enjoy oriental music dance shows. Good for short breaks and long stays; you’ll get to see the Giza Pyramids, thousands of ancient artifacts in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities and much more.

Moreover, Cairo is for everyone, there are plenty of mid range and budget accommodations to choose from. Pick a charming boutique hotel in the heart of downtown or indulge in utter luxury in one of the city’s most luxurious establishments. These usually house professional Spas and wellness centres where you’ll be treated like royalty. There are more than 75 four and five-star hotels in Cairo, which all offer stunning views over amazing landmarks such as the majestic Nile, the Pyramids, beautiful parks and gardens, and upscale clubs and compounds.

The weather in Cairo is moderate and low in humidity at almost any time of the year, except for some specific times in summer. Highs of 36°C are common in July and lows of 21°C have been witnessed; the winter months in Cairo, especially January, are much more pleasant with temperatures ranging between 21°C and 15°C. Accommodation by the Nile offers some relief from the summer heat due to the lovely breeze that comes from the river. In March, April, and June the Khamaseen winds blow from the desert bringing with them higher temperatures and sand. - See more at: http://en.egypt.travel/city/index/cairo#sthash.rXSqRXyS.dpuf
     Cairo is a vibrant, exhilarating, exotic, fascinating and welcoming city. Home to the best Pharaonic, Coptic and Islamic sights in Egypt, this city is where you never know what incredible, half-forgotten monument you might stumble across while wandering around. Enjoy the Nile view from your hotel room balcony, visit the capital's medieval markets by Khan El-Khalili, or walk down the Nile promenade. There are also plenty of cinemas, theaters and modern malls. Go for an opera or enjoy oriental music dance shows. Good for short breaks and long stays; you’ll get to see the Giza Pyramids, thousands of ancient artifacts in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities and much more.

Moreover, Cairo is for everyone, there are plenty of mid range and budget accommodations to choose from. Pick a charming boutique hotel in the heart of downtown or indulge in utter luxury in one of the city’s most luxurious establishments. These usually house professional Spas and wellness centres where you’ll be treated like royalty. There are more than 75 four and five-star hotels in Cairo, which all offer stunning views over amazing landmarks such as the majestic Nile, the Pyramids, beautiful parks and gardens, and upscale clubs and compounds.

The weather in Cairo is moderate and low in humidity at almost any time of the year, except for some specific times in summer. Highs of 36°C are common in July and lows of 21°C have been witnessed; the winter months in Cairo, especially January, are much more pleasant with temperatures ranging between 21°C and 15°C. Accommodation by the Nile offers some relief from the summer heat due to the lovely breeze that comes from the river. In March, April, and June the Khamaseen winds blow from the desert bringing with them higher temperatures and sand.

Cairo view from Cairo Tower-3

 

Cairo is a vibrant, exhilarating, exotic, fascinating and welcoming city. Home to the best Pharaonic, Coptic and Islamic sights in Egypt, this city is where you never know what incredible, half-forgotten monument you might stumble across while wandering around. Enjoy the Nile view from your hotel room balcony, visit the capital's medieval markets by Khan El-Khalili, or walk down the Nile promenade. There are also plenty of cinemas, theatres and modern malls. Go for an opera or enjoy oriental music dance shows. Good for short breaks and long stays; you’ll get to see the Giza Pyramids, thousands of ancient artifacts in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities and much more.

Moreover, Cairo is for everyone, there are plenty of mid range and budget accommodations to choose from. Pick a charming boutique hotel in the heart of downtown or indulge in utter luxury in one of the city’s most luxurious establishments. These usually house professional Spas and wellness centres where you’ll be treated like royalty. There are more than 75 four and five-star hotels in Cairo, which all offer stunning views over amazing landmarks such as the majestic Nile, the Pyramids, beautiful parks and gardens, and upscale clubs and compounds.

The weather in Cairo is moderate and low in humidity at almost any time of the year, except for some specific times in summer. Highs of 36°C are common in July and lows of 21°C have been witnessed; the winter months in Cairo, especially January, are much more pleasant with temperatures ranging between 21°C and 15°C. Accommodation by the Nile offers some relief from the summer heat due to the lovely breeze that comes from the river. In March, April, and June the Khamaseen winds blow from the desert bringing with them higher temperatures and sand. - See more at: http://en.egypt.travel/city/index/cairo#sthash.rXSqRXyS.dpuf

City of the Dead, Cairo, Egypt



The 6 October Bridge over the Nile River, Cairo, Egypt



Cairo University, Cairo

Kaziranga National Park

Kaziranga National Park is spread over 858 sq.kms and is located in the floodplains on both sides of the Brahmaputra. Patches of mixed deciduous forests are interspersed with vast stretches of savannah grasslands, wetlands and chars of river islands formed by the shifting course of the Brahmaputra.
The park is divided into five ranges - Central (entry point at Kohora), Western (entry point at Bagori), Eastern (at Agratoli), Western-most Burha Pahar (at Ghorakati) and Northern. The first four lie on the southern side of the river while the last is on the northern bank.
A memorable way of exploring Kaziranga is on eleplant-back as these gentle creatures tread through the tall grass. The park's prized possessions, the rhinos, are usually found in good numbers grazing with deer and buffaloes.
Another option is to see the park is to take the jeep safari which is also highly recommended, as it offers the added benefit of covering a vast expanse in a relatively short span of time.
While on safari, visitors to the park are well advised not only to abide by park etiquettes but also to bear in mind its conserbation history, officially counted as the most successful conservation initiative in the sub continent in the 20th century (Kaziranga Centenary: Celebrating the Century's Greatest Success Story, 2005)
Originally established as a reserve forest in 1908, Kaziranga was declared a sanctuary in 1916 to counter extensive poaching of the rhinoceros. In 1974, the Indian Government demarcated the present area as a national park. Then, in 2007, it was declared a tiger reserve under the Central Government's Project Tiger scheme.
The Park is the abode to more than 70% of One Horned Rhinoceros in the world. Highest density of tigers' prey including the large prey biomass of tiger found in the country. Harbours more than 60% of India's wild buffalo population along with the only population of the Eastern Swamp deer and seven species of turtles and tortoises. The other important wildlife found are - Leopard, Fishing Cat, other Lesser cats, Large Indian
Civet, Small Indian Civet, Sambar, Barking deer, Hog deer, Gaur, Hog Badger, Hoolock Gibbon, Capped Langur, Assamese Macaque, Rhesus Macaque, Sloth Bear, Gangetic Dolphin and Otter etc
The park also has a sizeable population of birds. Home to 25 Globally Threatened and 21 Near Threatened species of birds. Huge flocks of pelicans and rose-ringed parakeets can be spotted here besides crested serpent eagles, grey-headed fishing eagles, red jungle fowl, Bengal floricans, bar-headed geese and whistling teals.
More than 150 perennial water bodies are located inside the Park, where water level fluctuates temporally resulting in the generation of a very rich aquatic floral diversity. More than 32 species of flora have so far been identified.  More than 60 species of fishes have been recorded and is the breeding ground of many of the local species.



How to Reach : Rowraiah (Jorhat) is the nearest Airport which is 97 Kms. away and LGBI Airport (Guwahati) is 239 Kms. away. The road distances from nearest cities & towns to Kohora are : from Jorhat is 89 Kms., from Nagaon is 96 Kms., from Guwahati is 219 Kms., from Golaghat is 73 Kms. and from Bokakhat is 21 Kms.
Contact Person: Director, Kaziranga National Park
Contact Numbers: +91 3776-268095 / +91 3776-268086
Best season to visit: November to April.