10 oldest universities of the world

University is an important part for the education that rewards their students with a certification or degree that ensure that person study and have some knowledge about that subject. Here is a list of world's 10 oldest universities, along with their founders, establishment dates, and subjects of study:

1. University of Al Quaraouiyine

      - Founder: Fatima al-Fihri

      - Established: 859 CE

      - Subjects: Islamic studies, theology, astronomy, grammar, logic, medicine, mathematics, chemistry, history, geography

   

   Al Quaraouiyine, Picture credit Wikimedia

2. University of Bologna

      - Founder: Irnerius

      - Established: 1088 CE

      - Subjects: Law, philosophy, medicine, science, arts, theology

   

   University of Bologna, Picture credit Wikimedia

3. University of Oxford

      - Founder: Unknown (Teaching existed as early as 1096)

      - Established: 12th century (officially recognized in 1249)

      - Subjects: Various, including arts, humanities, sciences, medicine

   

   Oxford University | Picture credit: Newsweek

4. University of Paris

      - Founder: Robert de Courçon

      - Established: 12th century (officially recognized in 1150)

      - Subjects: Theology, law, medicine, arts, philosophy

5. University of Cambridge

      - Founder: Scholars who fled Oxford

      - Established: 1209 CE

      - Subjects: Various, including arts, humanities, sciences, medicine

6. University of Salamanca

      - Founder: Alfonso IX of León

      - Established: 1218 CE

      - Subjects: Theology, law, medicine, philosophy, humanities

7. University of Padua

      - Founder: Scholars and students

      - Established: 1222 CE

      - Subjects: Medicine, law, philosophy, theology, arts, sciences

8. University of Naples Federico II

      - Founder: Emperor Frederick II

      - Established: 1224 CE

      - Subjects: Law, medicine, philosophy, theology, arts, sciences

9. University of Siena

      - Founder: Papal Bull

      - Established: 1240 CE

      - Subjects: Law, medicine, philosophy, theology, arts, sciences

10. University of Coimbra

        - Founder: King Dinis of Portugal

        - Established: 1290 CE

        - Subjects: Arts, humanities, sciences, medicine, law, theology

Please note that the precise dates and founders of some of these ancient universities may vary in historical records. These universities have played a significant role in the development of higher education and knowledge dissemination throughout history.

Picture of some of the world oldest university.

Large Language Models Evolution

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been a significant development in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and artificial intelligence (AI). Here is a simplified overview of the evolution of LLMs:

LLM Evolution, Source: arxiv.org/abs/2304.13712v2

1. Early NLP Systems (Pre-2010): Before the era of LLMs, NLP systems relied on rule-based approaches and statistical models. These systems had limited capabilities and struggled with understanding context and generating human-like text.

2. Introduction of Neural Networks (2010s): The breakthrough came with the resurgence of neural networks and deep learning in the early 2010s. This led to the development of more sophisticated NLP models.

3. Rise of Word Embeddings (2013): Word embeddings, like Word2Vec and GloVe, were introduced. These models could represent words in dense vector spaces, capturing semantic relationships between words.

4. Sequence-to-Sequence Models (2014): Models like Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks improved tasks like machine translation and text summarization. However, these were still not true LLMs.

5. GPT-1 (2018): The release of "Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1" (GPT-1) by OpenAI marked a significant milestone. GPT-1 was pre-trained on a massive amount of text data and could generate coherent and contextually relevant text. It had 117 million parameters.

6. BERT (2018): Google introduced BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), which achieved state-of-the-art results on various NLP tasks. BERT improved contextual understanding by considering both left and right context.

7. GPT-2 (2019): OpenAI released GPT-2, a larger and more capable version of its predecessor. It had 1.5 billion parameters but was initially considered "too dangerous" to release at full scale due to concerns about its potential misuse.

8. GPT-3 (2020): GPT-3, with 175 billion parameters, is one of the largest LLMs to date. It demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, powering a wide range of applications, from chatbots to content generation.

9. Specialized Models: Beyond GPT-3, specialized LLMs emerged, such as T5 (Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer), RoBERTa, and XLNet, each fine-tuned for specific NLP tasks.

10. Ethical and Societal Concerns: The rapid development of LLMs raised concerns about ethical use, bias in AI, and the potential to spread misinformation.

11. Continued Research: Research in LLMs continues to evolve, focusing on improving efficiency, reducing biases, and addressing ethical concerns.

12. Future Trends: The future of LLMs includes even larger models, more fine-tuning, addressing biases, and ensuring responsible AI development.

The evolution of LLMs has revolutionized the field of NLP, enabling more accurate and context-aware natural language understanding and generation. However, it also brings challenges that need to be carefully managed to ensure responsible and ethical use.

git command to discard/reset a file changes

When we make some change in an existing file, but that change doesnt go for commit, in this situation we have to reset the file with the last commit or undo the file changes. For undo and reset a file in git use this got command.

git command to reset a file: git checkout <file path /filename>