How scientists study the composition of the Universe?

Scientists study the composition of the Universe using a variety of methods. Let’s explore a few:

Spectroscopy:

1. Astronomers use spectroscopy to determine the composition of stars, planets, and other celestial objects.
2. Instruments spread out light from an object into a spectrum based on wavelength.
3. By analyzing this spectrum, scientists identify the elements present in the object.

Multimessenger Astronomy:

1. Instead of relying on just one type of messenger (like light), scientists now combine information from different messengers.
2. These messengers include light, particles, and gravitational waves (ripples in space-time).
3. By using multiple messengers, astronomers gain deeper insights into cosmic phenomena.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy Research:

1. Most of the matter in the Universe is invisible (dark matter), and dark energy remains mysterious.
2. Observatories like NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) study dark matter.
3. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) charts galaxy distribution to understand dark energy.
4. Upcoming projects like the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will further our knowledge.

BEM methodology in HTML and CSS

The Block, Element, Modifier (BEM) methodology is a popular naming convention for classes in HTML and CSS. Developed by the team at Yandex, its goal is to help developers better understand the relationship between HTML and CSS in a given project. Here’s how it works:

1. Block: A top-level abstraction of a new component (e.g., a button). It acts as a parent and is represented by a class like .btn.

2. Element: Child items placed inside the block. They are denoted by two underscores following the block’s name (e.g., .btn__price).

3. Modifier: Changes the style of the block without affecting unrelated modules. Modifiers are appended with two hyphens (e.g., .btn--orange).

By following BEM, developers can create reusable components, easily see existing modifiers and children, and maintain consistent naming for better communication within the team.

References:

1. https://css-tricks.com/building-a-scalable-css-architecture-with-bem-and-utility-classes/
2. https://css-tricks.com/bem-101/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS

10 best destinations to travel in Tamilnadu | Travel India Series

Tamil Nadu, a state located in the southern tip of India, is a land steeped in tradition, culture, and architectural marvels. From ancient temples that whisper stories of bygone eras to serene beaches lapped by turquoise waters, Tamil Nadu offers a captivating experience for every traveler. Here are 10 of the best destinations to visit in Tamil Nadu:

1. Madurai:  Madurai, a vibrant city and a major pilgrimage center, is famous for the magnificent Meenakshi Amman Temple, a sprawling complex adorned with intricate sculptures and colorful gopurams (gateway towers) . Witness the vibrant celebration of Meenakshi Thirukalyanam, a ten-day festival that reenacts the wedding of Goddess Parvati and Lord Shiva. Explore the bustling markets of Madurai, known for their handloom textiles, spices, and souvenirs.

   

   Meenakshi Temple, Madurai | © journeysinternational.com

   
   


2. Chennai: Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, is a city that blends historical charm with modern vibrancy .  Visit the Fort St. George, a legacy of British colonial rule, or stroll along the Marina Beach, the second longest urban beach in the world. Immerse yourself in the cultural heritage of Chennai by visiting temples like Kapaleeshwarar Temple and San Thome Basilica. Don't miss the opportunity to savor the delicious South Indian cuisine, known for its use of aromatic spices and fresh ingredients.

   

   Chennai Central | © holidify.com

   
   



3. Thanjavur: Thanjavur, once the capital of the Chola dynasty, is an ancient city renowned for its magnificent temples and exquisite bronze sculptures . Explore the Brihadeeswara Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its towering vimana (tower) and intricate carvings. Witness the Thanjavur Maratha procession, a vibrant festival that showcases the city's rich cultural heritage. Admire the exquisite craftsmanship of Thanjavur paintings, known for their vivid colors and detailed figures.

Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu


4. Mahabalipuram: Mahabalipuram, also known as Mamallapuram, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site famous for its captivating Pallava era shore temples and monolithic monuments carved from granite .  Explore the Group of Monuments, a collection of temples, caves, and rathas (chariots) that stand as testaments to the architectural prowess of the Pallavas. Witness the Shore Temple, a captivating structure that seems to rise from the Bay of Bengal. Don't miss the opportunity to witness the mesmerizing sunrise over the ocean.

Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu

5. Kanyakumari: Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the southernmost tip of mainland India where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge . Witness the spectacular sunrise and sunset over the confluence of the three water bodies. Visit the Vivekananda Rock Memorial, a towering structure dedicated to the Indian philosopher Swami Vivekananda, and the Kanyakumari Bhagavathy Amman Temple, a renowned pilgrimage site.
   
Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu


6. Ooty: Ooty, a hill station nestled in the Nilgiri Hills, is known for its picturesque landscapes, serene lakes, and colonial-era architecture . Take a ride on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, that offers stunning views of the hills. Explore the Ooty Lake, a popular spot for boating and picnicking.  Immerse yourself in the colonial charm of Ooty by visiting historical sites like the Government Museum and the Ooty Club.

Ooty, Tamil Nadu


7. Kodaikanal: Kodaikanal, another hill station located in the Periyar Hills, is a popular getaway for its cool climate, breathtaking scenery, and natural beauty . Explore the Kodai Lake, a haven for boating and bird watching.  Embark on a trek through the Shola forests or visit scenic waterfalls like Silver Cascade and Bryant Park. Kodaikanal is also a hub for adventure activities like paragliding and mountain biking.

Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu

8. Trichy (Tiruchirappalli): Trichy, also known as Tiruchirappalli, is a city steeped in history and religion .  Visit the Rock Fort Temple, a sprawling complex perched on a massive rock, and explore the ancient temples like Srirangam Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple. Witness the vibrant celebration of the Trichy Rockfort Pongal, a harvest festival that marks the beginning of the Tamil New Year.

Trichy (Tiruchirappalli), Tamil Nadu


9. Kanchipuram: Kanchipuram, also known as the "City of Thousand Temples," is a sacred town famous for its silk sarees and ancient temples . Explore temples like Ekambareswarar Temple, Kanchi Kamakshi Amman
   
   


10. Rameshwaram: Rameshwaram, an island town located off the coast of Tamil Nadu, is a popular pilgrimage destination renowned for its Ramanathaswamy Temple, one of the largest Hindu temples in India . Walk through the long corridors lined with intricately carved pillars, and witness the unique architectural marvel. Visit Dhanushkodi, a ghost town that was destroyed by a cyclone in 1964, offering a glimpse into the past. Rameshwaram also boasts pristine beaches like Pamban Beach, perfect for relaxation and enjoying the scenic beauty.

Tamil Nadu offers a plethora of destinations that cater to diverse interests. From historical and cultural experiences to scenic landscapes and spiritual journeys, this South Indian state has something for everyone.  So, pack your bags and embark on an unforgettable exploration of Tamil Nadu!