Remove all unused imports in one go using Eclipse IDE

Many times we face problem where some unwanted imports get added in the our program file. It is very irritating and time consuming task to remove those unused imports one by one, to make our code clear and readable.

But we do have a shortcut for this, just in a millisecond our Eclipse IDE done this job for us. Eclipse provide a shortcut CTRL + SHIFT + O, this shortcut command will remove all those unused imports from your code file. 

To do so, click anywhere in your java file and press CTRL+SHIFT+O. After using this shortcut command Eclipse will remove all the unused import from your java file. Below are the screen shots:

Before:

unused imports in a Java file

After using the shortcut CTRL+SHIFT+O, your java file will look like this.

After

No unused imports

Article 370 and 371 of Indian constitution

Article 370 and 371 of Indian constitution.

370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B . Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.

Maslow's self-actualization

Self-actualisation refers to the need for personal growth that is present throughout a person’s life. For Abraham Maslow an American psychologist, a person is always “becoming” and never remains static in these terms. In self-actualisation a person comes to find a meaning to life that is important to them.

The hierarchies of needs, according to Maslow, include:

1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs-realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Characteristics of self-actualised person

Self-actualization refers to the need for personal growth that is present throughout a person’s life. Following are the some characteristics which a self-actualized person should have:

1. They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they are;
3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
4. Problem-centred (not self-centred);
5. Unusual sense of humour;
6. Able to look at life objectively;
7. Highly creative;
8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional;
9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience;
11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people;
12. Peak experiences;
13. Need for privacy;
14. Democratic attitudes;
15. Strong moral/ethical standards.

Pancasila (Five precepts of Buddhism)

Buddhism invites the lay Buddhists to adopt five precepts voluntarily to follow in order to live together in civilized communities with mutual trust and respect. Following five precepts helps the lay Buddhist to make a spiritual journey towards liberation. These five precepts are purely voluntary ones. A good Buddhist should remind himself to follow the five precepts daily they are as follows; 

1. I take the training rule to refrain from Killing living creatures
2. Taking which is not given 
3. Sexual misconduct 
4. False speech 
5. Taking intoxicating drugs and liquor 

The precepts are the basic practice in Buddhism. They are also an indispensable basis for people who wish to cultivate their minds.

Without some basic moral code, the power of meditation can often be applied for some wrong and selfish motive. These five refrains is called as Pancasila.

Many valued logic

Many-valued logic is the complex of studies that originated from the papers of Lukasiewicz and Post in the twenties. The idea underlying these studies is to extend the scope of classical logic by considering a set of truth-values larger than the usual {O, I}. The new set may be finite or infinite and, in most cases, it will bear some order structure, making it a poset, or a lattice, or a chain, with a top element ("complete truth"), and a bottom one ("complete falsity").

Some more conditions are generally assumed:

1. There is a finite number of connectives, each one of finite arity;
2. The connectives are truth-functional;
3. Connectives and truth-values have a "logical meaning";
4. Fuzziness phenomena are not present at the meta logical level.

While the first condition does not require any particular comment, the second one restricts greatly the possible interpretations of many-valued systems. For example, probabilistic interpretations are ruled out: we may know that the probabilities of the events A and B are both 1/2, without being able to compute, in absence of information about the stochastic dependence of A and B, the probability of (A and B). In a similar fashion, an interpretation of the truth-values in terms of modalities is questionable.

References: 

1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-1735-9_2
2. http://math.tut.fi/~eturunen/MultiValued.html

Social Responsibilities of Media

Media ethics is given a broader concept of social responsibility. In presenting the facts and news around the globe, the Media is expected to have certain responsibility inherent within or imposed upon, namely responsibility towards the society to which it serves. The question of social responsibility comes to be highlighted whenever there are certain controversies that are reported without foreseeing the consequences that would follow. Every one is entitled to have information. When the information is passed on media personnel have their own perspective to present. 

In certain cases, the presentation of certain facts may have negative impact. And media personnel has been seen to supporting a side and opposing another side, which is threat to true journalism. Hence, there comes the question of social responsibility. Defining social responsibility and regulating the aspects of it are to be careful figured out. One may talk of theoretical grounding of the concept of social responsibility. Yet the concrete reality of practical journalism may have particular difficulties in the applications of these theoretical values. To bring about a more comprehensive understanding of social responsibility is a challenging task. Formulation of media laws are to be effective and should have a potential to result in improving the role of media.

Accountability in the media is often defined in terms of producing records like evidence to support what has been reported. The journalist is accountable in the sense he or she is held liable for the consequences of the reporting. The liability is both in ethical and legal in nature.

Responsibility for the act of reporting is on the journalist.

There is a distinction between accountability and responsibility, “Whereas accountability often is referred to as the manifestation of claims to responsibility, the latter is the acknowledged obligation for action or behavior within frameworks of roles and morals”.

Responsibility is in this sense the obligation for proper custody, care and safekeeping of one’s audience. In social responsibility the interest of the society is given a top priority. From the Hutchins Commission(Commission on the Freedom of the Press) the following five guidelines are briefly given for a free and responsible press. These principles, though valid, are lacking in precision.

1. A truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in a context which gives them meaning;
2. A forum for the exchange of comment and criticism;
3. The projection of a representative picture of the constituent groups in the society;
4. The presentation and clarification of the goals and values of the society;
5. Full access to the day’s intelligence.

Social responsibility is an obligation of the media to provide trustworthy and relevant news and information as well as opportunities for diverse voices to be heard in the public arena.

It is to see that all sides are fairly presented and that the public has enough information to decide.

Gifts of Nature by John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704) recognized that the free gifts of Nature (land, forests, the water in lakes and rivers, fresh air, the flowers and fruits that grew wildly) belong to no one but if you “mixed your labour” with any of them, you acquired a “right to private property” of them. The water in the stream belongs to everyone, but the water that I went and fetched in my bucket belongs to me. The trees in the forest are anyone’s, but the one I cut down is mine. So too as regards the fruit and flowers that I have carefully picked. Fair enough. But, what if I put my labour to erecting a fence around a whole lake? Does that entitle me to private ownership of this entire “free gift of Nature,” such that I can reserve its watery wealth all to myself or, perhaps, charge a fee to anyone who wants to draw a bucket from it?

Fallibilism in philosophy

Fallibilism is that some parts of accepted knowledge claims could be wrong or at least flawed. In contrast, a fallibilist is not so quick to discount the possibility of having knowledge. For the fallibilist, the lack of absolute certainty does not undermine our ability to know the truth of some particular claims. Fallibists are willing to accept a justified claim as true until it is shown to be false. 

This idea is not as essential as some found in philosophy, since often human knowledge is founded on observed interactions that could be interpreted incorrectly. Numerous times our understanding of the world is found to be fallible, not perfect, and we discover mistakes after new empirical observations are made. The response of the scientific community in that case is to revise the knowledge claim, not to deny the possibility of knowing anything for sure. 

Two philosophers have contributed significantly to the philosophical understanding of fallibilism. 

1. Charles Sanders Peirce was the first to say that our knowledge about science is naturally fallible. This is not to say that we should deny its validity, but at least be aware of its shortcomings.
2. Willard Van Orman Quine took what Peirce said a little further. He not only applied fallibilism to science, but to any analytic statement as well. Since our statements are founded on a fallible science, then the natural laws which the statements express are also fallible.

Referance: 

• https://www.rit.edu/cla/philosophy/quine/fallibilism.html